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Knowing God

Introduction

When people reminisce about the doctrine of revelation, they seek to know how God discloses Himself to mankind. Revelation refers to how God is exposed or unveiled to mankind without their knowledge. The usual understanding of revelation is actually a kind of communication to human nature, either through actions or wording. The way God unveils Himself to human beings may be on single occurrences, direct performances or even take quite a long time to reveal His will to the people. Indeed, revelation cannot be proved through scientific methods or logical methods but only through God Himself, since it is a supernatural deed from God (Hunter, 2011). It is only through God that the legitimacy of revelation is known, His plans and the knowledge about Him. This is true from the words of Jesus when He said that every thing is known by His father, it is only responsibilities which have been handed to Him (Mathew 11:27).

Part 1: how the doctrine of revelation reveals the issue of knowing God;

The process by which God reveals Himself to human beings is dealt with under the Doctrine of Revelation.  As noted earlier the truth of revelation is from God only. Through Devine revelation (the work of the Holy Spirit) Jesus came to be known to people as the son of God (Torrance, 2001). The foundations of knowledge of God are laid by the scriptures; however He has done so outside the scriptures as He did to Moses and Abraham. The scriptures and the presence of Devine Holy Spirit strongly confirm somebody’s encounter with God and not stallion nightmarish.

In theology, manifestation, inspiration and illumination are the fundamental divisions in the doctrine of revelation amongst other events like evangelism, preaching, and missionary which at the same time appropriate God’s word. God controls the processes of revelation which are out of reach by scientists and philosophers to proof Him (Ecclesiastes 8:17) and that He is the treasury of His secrets (Deuteronomy 29:29). God is at liberty to unveil or not to unveil depending on His choice, since His revelation is only made to exalt Him.

Through manifestation God instigates the processes of unveiling Himself through actions. He may perform miracles like the way He did in Mt. Carmel (1 Kings 18) or through spoken words accompanied by a storm (Job 38). Those whom God intended to pass the message could get the exact words/voice from Him but the participators only heard the sound/thunderstorm as it was witnessed by Paul on his way to Damascus (Acts 9:3-8).

God’s manifestation to writers is through inspiration. The inspired puts down what he sees or hears under the power of the Holy Spirit who guides him on the projected understanding of the signs. The processes of inspiration touch a wide area than just mere writing. The wordings may be oral (to be written later) or texts places in canons of the scripture. However the guiding arrow all through is the Holy Spirit; that the originality and meaning of the words from God are maintained as intended by Him (Migliore, 2004). Illumination is the final part in the process of revelation, since the modern-day reader of the bible scrutinizes and makes an effort of appropriating it as God’s Word. The Holy Spirit acts as the pilot to the reader to grasp the full truth (John 16:13). From the scriptures, the Bible is like a sword (Hebrews 4:12) which guides and protects the reader in the translation and interpretation of various events in collaboration with God.

God also continued to unveil Himself through prophets since He at one time told Amos that He could assign him the duty of unsealing things to come by use of prophets (Amos 3:7). Prophesies have always functioned to promises and fulfilling just as the Hebrews believed that God always made and fulfilled His promises. That is why prophesies had the complete meaning in Christ (2 Corinthians 1:20).

 According to the doctrine of Revelation, the fundamental source of knowing God is the Bible. God has all through revealed Himself in all the books of the Bible. The bible has provided enough evidence to stop people relying on scientific and philosophical theories.  God is wisdom and so the pre-eminence is to follow Gods wisdom (Ecclesiastes 7:12). Jesus Christ came to this world to teach people how to know God and save them from their evils by shining into their hearts. The strength and salvation of men lies in knowing God (Isaiah 33:6).

The pursuit to know God these days has been faced with many challenges. This is unlike the past when interaction with the outside world was minimal. Many young people may choose to forego God’s work of spreading the Gospel for other professional jobs. Besides, these professions are more lucrative compared to working for God. The mass media has on the other hand brought a lot of confusion to the young generations. Life images presented on TVs leave most people wondering what is next in life and if there in anything else different that they can do with their life.  Romantic pictures on TVs and other mass media have continued to cause confusion (Pittman, 2008). Therefore, the advices from sermons, counselors and speeches lack application in real life situations. This leaves even the genuine Christians confused on which way to go, or whom to follow.

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Part 2: weaknesses and strengths of discovering the issue of knowing God through general revelation (creation. natural knowledge) and human experience.

General revelation captures on ideas of how God unveils Himself through natural courses. A number of scripture passages justify the magnificence of God through nature. The existence of God as a concept has strong (strengths) and weak points. In the books of Romans 1 and psalm 14 (among other books in the Bible), man is able to proof and understand that there is God who is superior to him. Therefore failing to adore Him means that human beings are lost in pools of sin. These are oblique affirmations that man has the duty of accepting and living in God. However these proofs have the weakness of not explaining who this real God is, and how we become affiliated to Him. It fails to tell how our past failures in life have not been addressed by Him and how He has not been able to surface our future ambitions (Bickel & Jantz, 2004). Therefore according to the general revelation we are only left to make interpretations on evidences based on our abilities on the things around us. However emerging questions still ponder around people’s minds especially when they view the scientific technologies on things like the discovery of microscopes which aid in observing simple things like the cell. Designers of complex scientific machines fail to comprehend God as the designer of such things. Either way people always wonder about the beautiful things around them, the beauty of the stars, the strength of tornados and even unchanging waters of the oceans. The failure of general revelation to address all these limitations can only be supported by special revelation, revelation from God which helps us understand God’s nature.

References

Bickel, B. & Jantz, S. (2004). Knowing God One Hundred and One. New York: Harvest House Publishers.

Hunter, J. (2011). Knowing God’s Secrets. Fort Washington, PA: CLC Publications.

Migliore L. D. (2004). Faith Seeking Understanding: An Introduction to Christian Theology, Cambridge: Eerdmans Publishing.

Pittman, L. S. (2008). Attachment Issues, Self-Esteem, and Sense of Symbolic Immorality. London: ProQuest.

Torrance, F. T. (2001).  Christian Doctrine of God, one Being Three Persons. London: T&T Clark Ltd.

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Artificial Intelligence Sample Assignment

Artificial Intelligence is focusing on making the computer systems as intelligent as a human brain but still there is a lot more to achieve. Computer seems to act like a human but still there is much functionality where computers lack in the processing as compared to the human brain. For example, computers cannot communicate as human do. Their response time in this case will be too high. If it would have been the case that computers can communicate like human then there would not be any requirements of human resources or employees of the organization, only the computer systems would have been able to do the job. This would have eliminated the requirements of receptionists, office-assistants, etc.

Likewise there are many other functions where the computer lacks in the processing speed as compared to the human brain. Human has an instant reaction to a particular action but the computers cannot respond in the similar manner. Computers are made to follow the instructions given by the human.

The reason being is that as the brain works on the concepts of neurons. And there are many neurons in the human brain and their execution ways are also different so a computer system cannot replicate the same functionality. The functionality of neurons is not known exactly to the scientists. The scientists are trying to implement the brain of a worm in a computer machine. As the neurons cannot be reduced in transistors, likewise there is a long bridge in between the functionalities of human brain and the computer system.

Answer 2

There is much advancement in computing in the past 50 years. The biggest one is related to the digital electronics computing. In 1960’s, analog slide rules were used, analog electronic computers and Arithmetic & Logic Unit were used to find out the product of two numbers. Log tables and Trigonometric values were used to do the simple calculations. These days, everything is in the form of digits and digital technology is ruling everywhere.

Parallel computing has come into the picture from more than a decade. This has increased the processing speed of the computers so complex tasks consisting of large numeric calculations can be completed in a less time as compared to the earlier processing speed. The concept of virtual memory operating system has also helped in executing the large programs in less memory space.

The most significant accomplishments of the next twenty-five years may be regarding the successful implementation of the Turing machine test where computer’s intelligence is proved successfully as compared to the intelligence of human brain. Grid computing would be possible within next twenty-five years. This would be possible because a lot of work is going on regarding Artificial Intelligence and grid computing.

Game-Plan

NIM Game is a logical game played among two-players. This game uses 2 sticks and some piles to play with. A player takes its turn on alternate basis. The piles have random number of stones in it. Player’s keeps on removing stones from the piles as their turn come on alternate basis. The winner of the game is decided on the factor that if there are no more stones left, then the player whose turn is to pick the stones from the piles will lose the game as their are no stones left so the other player would be considered as a winner. Or in the other words, the player who got the last chance to remove the stones from the piles will be the winner of this game.

So the main goal to win this game is to choose the last stick.

Hence, to be a winner, you let the other player to remove all but one pile, so that the same can be removed by you.

Game States and Illustration

Suppose there are 2 piles of stone. The players can choose any number of stones as they want from one of the piles. If any of the players cannot make any move then the player will be the loser of this game. Consider the below mentioned example:

·         Suppose the piles have 16 and 12 stones.

·         First player takes 4 stones from pile 1. So the number of remaining stones in pile 1 is now 12.

·         Second player also takes 4 stones from pile 1. The remaining stones in pile 1 are now 8.

·         Player 1 takes 2 stones from pile 2, so remaining stones in pile 2 are 10.

·         Second player also takes 6 stones from pile 2. The remaining stones in pile 2 are now 4.

·         Player 1 takes 6 stones from pile 1, so remaining stones in pile 1 are 2.

·         Second player takes 4 stones from pile 1. The remaining stones in pile 1 are now 0.

·         Player 1 takes 4 stones from pile 2, so remaining stones in pile 2 are 0.

Player 2 has no choice left so player 2 looses the game and player 1 is the winner of this game.

Algorithm:

def nim(heaps, misere=True):

        """Computes next move for Nim in a normal or misère (default) game, returns tuple (chosen_heap, nb_remove)"""

        X = reduce(lambda x,y: x^y, heaps)

        if X == 0: # Will lose unless all non-empty heaps have size one

                if max(heaps) > 1:

                        print "You will lose :("

                for i, heap in enumerate(heaps):

                        if heap > 0: # Empty any (non-empty) heap

                                chosen_heap, nb_remove = i, heap

                                break

        else:

                sums = [t^X < t for t in heaps]

                chosen_heap = sums.index(True)

                nb_remove = heaps[chosen_heap] - (heaps[chosen_heap]^X)

                heaps_twomore = 0

                for i, heap in enumerate(heaps):

                        n = heap-nb_remove if chosen_heap == i else heap

                        if n>1: heaps_twomore += 1

                # If move leaves no heap of size 2 or larger, leave an odd (misère) or even (normal) number of heaps of size 1

                if heaps_twomore == 0: 

                        chosen_heap = heaps.index(max(heaps))

                        heaps_one = sum(t==1 for t in heaps)

                        # misère (resp. normal) strategy: if it is even (resp. odd) make it odd (resp. even), else do not change

                        nb_remove = heaps[chosen_heap]-1 if heaps_one%2!=misere else heaps[chosen_heap]

        return chosen_heap, nb_remove

Computational Complexity

To check if the Nim sum is non zero, can be done in a log space time. The actual winning move can also be calculated in a log space time. There are some Nim games where it may take an exp. time to calculate the winning move. So it can also be considered as Ω(n) where n is the bit length in exponential.

References:

[1]. Andrew. (2011, January 21). Are human brains too complex to replicate? Retrieved February 15, 2013, from http://weirdthings.com: http://weirdthings.com/2011/01/are-brains-too complex-to-replicate/

[2]. Lee, T. B. (2011, January 13). Emulation, Simulation, and the Human Brain. Retrieved February 15, 2013, from http://timothyblee.com: http://timothyblee.com/2011/01/13/emulation-simulation-and-the-human-brain/

[3]. Nim: A Game Played All Over the World. (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2013, from http://asiasociety.org: http://asiasociety.org/education/resources-schools/elementary-lesson-plans/nim-game-played-all-over-world

[4]. Reiter, H. (n.d.). Illuminations: Fibonacci Nim. Retrieved February 15, 2013, from Illuminations: http://illuminations.nctm.org/LessonDetail.aspx?ID=L695

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Success of Poverty Alleviation Programs- by adopting Social Security Measures

Abstract

Poverty is one of the major problems that is faced by a nation. Unemployment, low level of income and output, low investments increase the level of poverty. The number of people living below the poverty line has been rising. The federal government has come up with various measures to help people come out of poverty. It provides social security, jobs, food aid, housing assistance to help people overcome poverty. The poverty alleviation measures have been successful in sustaining this level. Millions of people reap benefit from these programs. The efforts made by the federal and state governments have helped people find a decent standard of living. Various sections of the population have benefitted from the measures adopted by the state. Old age benefits, child care policies, women’s health programs and tax credit policies have assisted people to overcome poverty.

Success of poverty alleviation programs- by adopting social security measures

I. Introduction

Poverty is the state when people are not able to earn enough that exposes them to higher risk of illness, disability and food deficiency ¹. People living in poverty have to lead a diminished quality of life, lower learning abilities and reduced household savings. Poverty also causes reduction in the productivity as people are not able to eat healthy nutritious foods ². Poverty is considered bad for the country because lower levels of productivity affect the growth rate of the country. There are a number of  measures adopted by the U.S government for the elimination of poverty  such as family pension schemes, social insurance programs, medical aid, housing assistance and provision of food. These programs run by the government are successful in the containing of poverty and decreasing its level. At present the level of poverty is 15.1 percent ³. This level is much better in comparison to many European economies ⁴.

II. Social Security Measures

Social security refers to the action taken by the government in order to improve the quality of life. As mentioned in Article 22 of The U.S constitution, it is an essential aspect of the state to improve the quality of life of its citizens by national effort and cooperation ⁵. Under this, the state initiates various schemes to uplift the condition of the poor people in the society. Social security measures can be defined as the state run schemes to improve and assist people in the alleviation of the poverty. Provision of nutritious food, child care, housing facilities, old age benefits, medical aid , employment opportunities are some such examples of social security ⁶. The measure to remove poverty are funded by the central and state governments and extensively covers the different  sections of the population.

III. Types of programs

The social security measures are divided into two categories. Means tested programs and social insurance schemes. The means tested program relates to providing benefits to those people, families or groups which qualify under norms. The state sets the eligibility for people to get entitled under this program. Some examples of this type of program are TANF (Temporary assistance for needy families), SSI (supplemental security income) and SNAP. Under the SNAP program food stamp assistance has been very helpful. The achievements are summarized in the table. Social insurance schemes are for the benefit of everyone. Here the level of benefit received by an individual depends on the history of past earnings ⁷. The eligibility criteria is not there. These programs provide insurance against unemployment, old age, disability. These programs greatly help the needy (see Table1, Status of Households).

IV. Impact on lower income groups

Lower income groups received the maximum benefits of the welfare programs run by the state. A total of 40 million people including men and women and 9 million children were benefitting from the poverty program in 2011⁸. People were provided with non cash benefits that are essential in nature like food stamps, housing provisions along with cash benefits like unemployment allowance, pension, refundable tax credits and fixed wages ⁹. There has been a marked change in poverty level in U.S states (See Table 2, Families Below 100% of Poverty). The SNAP program (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) has benefitted the society. Under this food stamps are given to each person in a family. The monetary value changes along with the size of the family. For a family of 8 people, the benefit is of $1202 ¹⁰. This type of benefit has helped the poor and the needy to come out of the situation of poverty. Otherwise people are not able to come out of the situation. This program has benefited all the people including men, women and children (See Table 3,Annual Average Change in SNAP). Each and every member is to be provided food assistance so that the nutritional requirements get fulfilled.

V. Impact of Medicare on poverty

Medicare relates to the provision of medicines and health care facilities to the people. Federal agencies have increased their medical facilities by giving aid and donations to state run hospitals, improving medical facilities in existing hospitals, opening new health centers, developing organizations for the teaching and training of nurses and doctors ¹¹. The state has also provided with the health insurance facilities to its people. For people above 65 years of age the health care facility is provided free of cost and for the others the cost is minimal. In fact one of the major expenditure of the government includes spending on Medicare and health insurance to its people. Private partnerships are also encouraging in this regard. Federal spending in the year 2012 was 23% which was the highest among its spending budget ¹².The state run health departments impart health care facilities for all age groups. The child care facility, infant care and pregnant woman care facilities have been identified into separate departments. The number of fatalities during childbirth and infant mortality rates have come down substantially ¹³. Improvement in health facilities has enriched the population with improved abilities which in turn helps in earning good income. This brings down the level of poverty.

VI. Refundable tax credits help raise the income

The refundable tax credit program started under the EITC (Earned Income Tax Credit) program and CTC program. The main purpose of this program is to offset the payroll taxes. It works well for a family as it is the added benefit of a family living at the minimum wage level ¹⁴. The earnings of a minimum wage worker accounts for only 61 percent when he supports a family of four people. With the accounting of the  payroll taxes the earnings increase to 87 percent of the line of poverty ¹⁵. Here it shows that a family’s economic status rises with the provision of payroll taxes given by the EITC. Not only this , the earnings from the tax credits also rise with the rise in the income of the family. This improves the economic conditions of the people and help them to rise above the poverty line. The tax credits also work as an incentive to earn more as its accounting depends on the level of income earned. With the rise in income families can look forward to fulfilling the educational needs of their children.

VII. Benefits to the elderly

The elderly people above the age of 65 years are worth mentioning for the numerous welfare schemes run by the state to uplift their condition. The calculation of their benefits also depends on notch cohorts which excludes those born between 1917-1921. The calculation of benefits to the elderly is free from the effects of the recession as it is not counted on the present earnings ¹⁶. The state basically funds the elderly so that they may be able to stay without any dependency or support from others.The expenditures on their social security has been very instrumental in bringing down the poverty rate. In the year 2000 the per capita expenditure on elderly went to $4000 with a steep reduction of 0.3% in their poverty line ¹⁷. With the rise in expenses on social security measures for the elderly the level of poverty has reduced.

VIII. Conclusion

Eradication of poverty by bringing down the level of poverty is an important duty of the state. This is the reason why the government at all levels of governance has initiated a number of social security measures to safeguard the interest of the poor people. The state provides provisions of food, child care, health, education and sustenance for the elderly in various ways. These measures not only support the needy but also help them to come out of the state of being poor. The state run programs have brought positive changes to the U.S society and economy. The Federal spending has increased over the years. Higher spending is on health care with accounts for 26% and providing pensions for the elderly which is 24% in the future plan of 2014 ¹⁸. The federal and state initiatives have greatly helped the people in coming out of poverty. The programs have been successful in raising the living standards of the people.

Table 1

Program Participation Status of Household

All races	Household received means tested assistance in percent	Household received food stamps in percent	Household received Medicaid in percent	Household received housing assistance in percent
Total	74.7	50.6	61.8	14.9
Under 6 years	91.7	69.0	82.1	19.4
6-17 years	91.0	64.0	77.5	18.0
Under 18 years	90.8	64.7	79.0	18.0
18 to 24 years	64.0	41.2	51.8	13.3
25 to 34 years	73.2	49.4	61.1	12.7
35 to 44 years	76.2	50.2	61.8	12.9
45 to 54 years	70.4	47.3	53.8	12.2
55 to 59 years	62.0	40.9	47.1	15.9
60 to 64 years	54.9	33.9	41.0	12.5
65 years and over	48.3	28.0	35.9	14.2
65 to 74 years	53.7	32.0	41.9	12.9
75 years and over	42.9	24.1	29.8	15.4

Source- U.S. Census Bureau, Current population survey 2013, Annual and Social Economic Supplement, Number in thousands

POV26: Program Participation Status of Household – Poverty Status of people 2012

Table 2

Weighted Person Count, Families Below 100% of poverty

States	Below 100% of poverty	Standard error
United States	11.8	0.2
Alabama	13.1	1.9
Alaska	8.9	1.1
Arizona	13.8	1.4
Arkansas	17.2	2.2
California	13.0	0.5
Colorado	9.1	1.4
Connecticut	7.7	0.8
Delaware	12.1	1.4
Columbia	17.1	1.9
Florida	11.3	0.6
Georgia	13.5	1.3
Hawaii	10.8	1.4
Idaho	10.9	1.2
Illinois	9.7	0.7
Indiana	12.0	1.2
Iowa	7.0	0.8
Kansas	9.9	1.1
Kentucky	15.5	1.9
Louisiana	17.7	2.3
Maine	10.0	1.0
Maryland	7.9	0.8
Massachusetts	9.3	1.2
Michigan	10.0	1.0
Minnesota	7.5	0.8
Mississippi	19.2	2.0
Missouri	11.8	1.4
Montana	9.2	2.0
Nebraska	9.4	1.3
Nevada	12.0	1.3
Hampshire	5.0	0.7
New Jersey	7.5	0.9
New Mexico	16.1	2.0
New York	13.9	0.8
N.Carolina	13.6	1.2
North Dakota	7.9	0.6
Ohio	11.8	1.1
Oklahoma	14.7	1.3
Oregon	9.0	0.9
Pennsylvania	9.8	0.8
Rhode Island	10.1	1.1
S Carolina	13.9	1.4
South Dakota	8.5	1.3
Tennessee	13.3	1.5
Texas	14.5	0.8
Utah	9.7	1.4
Vermont	8.7	1.1
Virginia	7.4	0.9
Washington	9.0	0.9
West Virginia	12.9	2.1
Wisconsin	9.6	0.8
Wyoming	6.5	1.2

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey 2013, Annual Social and Economic Supplement. Number in thousands, standard errors calculated using replicate weights, www.census.gov/prod/techdoc/cps/cpsmar13.pdf

Table 3

Annual Average Change in SNAP for women, infants and children’s participation

Period	Total participants (in thousands)	Women and infants	Children	Births
1976-1979	285	136	149	88
Percent	44.8	45.7	44.1	2.7
1980-1983	264	143	121	36
Percent	14.7	16.4	13.2	1.0
1984-1989	264	157	107	67
Percent	8.6	9.8	7.4	1.8
1990-1992	428	233	196	8
Percent	9.5	9.6	9.4	0.2
1993-1996	224	91	132	-1
Percent	3.7	2.9	4.7	0.0
1997-2000	-7.2	23	-94	59
Percent	-1.0	0.6	-2.5	1.5
2001-2003	146	55	92	10
Percent	2.0	1.5	2.5	0.3
2004-2007	164	113	50	57
Percent	2.1	2.9	1.3	1.4
2008-2009	418	74	344	-93
Percent	4.9	1.7	8.2	-2.2
2010	53	-94	147	-124
Percent	0.6	-2.1	3.1	-3.0

Source : http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/914042/eib100.pdf

Notes

1)      See World Health Organization: Health Topics- Poverty its definition, http://www.who.int/topics/poverty/en/

2)      See World Health Organization: Health and development - Poverty and health, http://www.who.int/hdp/poverty/en/

3)      See Thomas B. Edsall, ‘Who is poor?’, Opinionator- The Opinion pages, Journal The New York Times, March 13, 2013

4)      See Tim Worstall, Astonishing Numbers: America’s poor still live better than most of the rest of humanity, Forbes Magazine, Jan 6, 2013, http://goo.gl/G8yx8I

5)      See Peter Townsend and David Gordon, World Poverty: New Policies to Defeat an old enemy, 2002, The Policy Press, p 150 

6)      See Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, Chapter-11: Social Welfare Measures

7)      See Peter Townsend and David Gordon, World Poverty: New Policies to Defeat an old enemy, 2002, The Policy Press, p 65

8)      See Arloc Sherman, Danilo Trisi and Sharon Parrott, Various supports for low income families reduce poverty: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities

9)      See Analysis of New Census Poverty Data , Sept 2011, National Women’s Law Center, http://www.nwlc.org/analysis-new-2010-census-poverty-data-%E2%80%93-september-2011

10)  See U.S Family benefit schemes, U.S gov census

11)  See Paul Polak, Out of Poverty: What Works When Traditional Approaches fail, Berett- Koehler Publishers, p 137

12)  See William H. Stewart, M.D, The positive impact of Medicare on the Nation’s Health Care Systems, p 3

13)  See William H. Stewart, M.D, The positive impact of Medicare on the Nation’s Health Care Systems, p 11

14)  See website Tax credit and benefits , Ministry of Finance, http://www.fin.gov.on.ca/en/taxcredits/

15)  See Arloc Sherman, Danilo Trisi and Sharon Parrott, EITC (Earned Income Tax Credit) and Child Tax Credit: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities

16)  See Hartley Dean, Understanding Human Need, The Policy Press Series, p – 122

17)  See Social Security and Elderly Poverty, website- The National Bureau of Economic Research, http://www.nber.org/bah/summer04/w10466.html 

18)  See website USgovernmentspending.com, http://www.usgovernmentspending.com/year_budget_2014USbf_15bs1n#usgs302

                                                                        Bibliography

A.    Articles

Arloc Sherman, Danilo Trisi and Sharon Parrott, EITC (Earned Income Tax Credit) and Child Tax Credit: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities

Poverty: Growth or safety net, The Economist, Sept 21, 2013

Thomas B. Edsall, ‘Who is poor?’, Opinionator- The Opinion pages, Journal The New York Times, March 13, 2013 

Tim Worstall, Astonishing Numbers: America’s poor still live better than most of the rest of humanity, Forbes Magazine, Jan 6, 2013, http://goo.gl/G8yx8I

B.    Books

Peter Townsend and David Gordon, World Poverty: New Policies to Defeat an old enemy, 2002, The Policy Press, p 150

       Paul Polak, Out of Poverty: What Works When Traditional Approaches fail, p 137

Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, Chapter-11: Social Welfare Measures

William H. Stewart, M.D, The positive impact of Medicare on the Nation’s Health             Care Systems, p 13

     Hartley Dean, Understanding Human Need, The Policy Press Series, p – 122

C.    Websites

Social Security and Elderly Poverty, website- The National Bureau of Economic Research, http://www.nber.org/bah/summer04/w10466.html

 USgovernmentspending.com, http://www.usgovernmentspending.com/year_budget_2014USbf_15bs1n#usgs302

 Tax credit and benefits , Ministry of Finance, http://www.fin.gov.on.ca/en/taxcredits/

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