What is Referencing?
Referencing is a standardized method of formatting the information sources you have used in your assignments or written work.
Any given referencing style serves two purposes:
- acknowledges the source
- allows the reader to trace the source
When writing a piece of academic work, for example an essay or thesis, you must acknowledge the sources of information that you have used.
This acknowledgement of sources is called referencing or citing.
Why is Referencing Important?
Honesty:
By giving the source you make it clear to the reader that you are not trying to pretend that somebody else’s work is your own.
Courtesy:
Acknowledging a source is a courtesy and respect to the person whose ideas or words you have used or referred to.
Credibility:
People will have more confident in your assertion if they know where your information comes from. Thoroughness in referencing suggests that you have also been thorough in checking your facts.
Helping Others:
The source helps your readers to find the original texts or web pages to read themselves, should they wish.
How will it help me?
- provides evidence that you have read wisely and understand your subject
- protect yourself from accusations of plagiarism
- strengthen your argument or point of view
- demonstrate that you have paraphrased and summarized appropriately and quoted correctly
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What if I do not Reference?
Failure to reference, or poor referencing can be classified as Academic Misconduct.
Avoiding plagiarism is the individual's responsibility, and there are penalties for failing to do so.
In professional life, you will find that plagiarism can have serious effects on your reputation and that of your colleagues and employer. It may prompt legal action from the copyright owner of any work that is not acknowledged.
What is Plagiarism?
The most common offense under the Academic Code of Conduct is plagiarism which the Code defines as "the presentation of the work of another person as one's own or without proper acknowledgement“
- material copied word for word from books, journals, internet sites, professor's course notes, etc.
- material that is paraphrased but closely resembles the original source.
- work of a fellow student, for example, an answer on a quiz, data for a lab report, a paper or assignment completed by another student.
- paper purchased through one of the many available sources.
- Plagiarism does not refer to words alone - it can also refer to copying images, graphs, tables, and ideas.
- If you translate the work of another person into French or English and do not cite the source, this is also plagiarism.
- If you cite your own work without the correct citation, this too is plagiarism.
When Should I Reference?
- Whenever you draw upon another source of information
- Direct quotations
- Paraphrasing Ideas
- Specific information such as statistics or tables or images
- When using someone else’s ideas, arguments, theories or point of view.
Harvard Referencing
Harvard referencing is the most commonly used referencing system in social sciences and education and originates from the American university.
Harvard referencing uses the author and the date of the work in the main body of the text, and then uses a reference list at the end of the assignment which contains the references cited in alphabetical order by author; this contains full details of the journal or book cited.
The purpose of incorporating the author and date into the main body of the text is to make it easy to locate works in the reference list.
Harvard referencing consists of two elements:
- in-text citations (in the body)
- The complete reference list (end of the project/assignment) in alphabetical order
Referencing from the Book
Single Author:
In-text: Last Name (Year of Publication) p. Page Number
Citation: Last Name, First Name Initials (Year Published) Title of the Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, p. Pages.
2 Authors:
In-text: Last Name 1 and Last Name 2 (Year Published) p. Pages Used
Citation: Last Name 1, Initial 1. and Last Name 2, Initial 2. (Year Published) Title of the Book. City Published: Publisher, p. Pages Used.
3 or more Authors:
In-text: Last Name 1 and Last Name 2 et al. (Year Published) p. Pages Used
Citation: Last Name 1, Initial 1., Last Name 2, Initial 2. and Last Name 3, Initial 3. Year Published. Title of the Book. City Published: Publisher, p. Pages Used.
Referencing from Journal Articles
In-text: Last Name (Year Published)
Citation: Last Name, Initials. (Year Published) Article Title. Journal Name. Volume No (Issue No), p. Pages Used.
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Referencing from the Website
In-text: Website Name (Year Published)
Citation: Author/Editor, Initials. Year Published). Title. [online]. Place of Publication: Publisher (if ascertainable). Available from: URL [Accessed Date Month Year].
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Referencing from Newspaper
In-text: Last Name (Year Published) p. Pages Used
Citation: Author(s) of article, initials. Year of publication).‘Title of article’, Title of newspaper, Day month, Page number(s).
- How to cite a newspaper in Harvard Style
Referencing from Course Materials/Lecture Notes
In-text: Lecturer/Author’s Surname (Year of Publication)
Citation: Author Surname, Initial(s). Year of Publication. Subject Code Title of the study guide. Publisher, Place of Publication.
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Referencing from Interview
In-text: Candidate’s Last Name (Year of Interview)
Citation: Candidate’s Last Name, Initial. Year of Interview. Title of Interview. Interviewed by.. Name [Type of medium: TV/Radio/In person] Date, Time.
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Harvard Referencing Tool
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