Monday, May 19, 2014

Biomechanical task analysis of free throw shooting in basketball Sample Assignment www.sampleassignment.com

Introduction

The shot of free throw is the single most important shot of the game of Basketball is. More than 20 per cent of most scores in tournaments of basketball are scored from this shot. The essentiality of the shot lies in the great percentage of points that it provides to the team especially during the last 5 minutes than the initial 35 minutes of the game and is beneficial not only for the winning team but also for the losing team. The free throw is one of the most easies shots in the entire game consisting of no defense and no distractions closely. All that is required by the player to do is to get ready, aim at the basket and shoot. The aim of this assignment is to understand the biomechanics involved in the movement of free throw in the game of basketball. From this perspective, it becomes essential to explain the different types of movements involved while performing this task describing the task in not a very complex but detailed manner (Ball, 2007).
Along with the same, what is comprised in the assignment is the joint motion involved, the involvement of muscle groups, the action within each phase, timing, coordination of muscles and the motions created subsequently by them, forces applied for external objects and distinguishes the successful performances from the ones that are poor. While discussing the same, the assignment discusses things such as displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, impulse, momentum.

Biomechanics involved in free throw shoot

The biomechanics involved in the free throw shoot consists of preliminary movements that are very different or slightly consist of differences especially when each individual is concerned or each player in the game is seen. These movements that are the preliminary movements are the ones used by players to kind of rehearse their shot in their mind while at the same time attempting to relax their muscles from the grown tensions and the tightness. While performing the movement, players focus on the movement taking place in the biomechanics of the shot such as the following:

Movement of Preparation


            Players getting prepared for free flow shot, first dribble while remaining at the line position and then sighting the target carefully. A staggered stance is used by the player with slightly shooting the foot ahead of other one with shoulder feet apart.
(Figure 1: Preparatory movement)
(Source: Haskell, 2005)

Backswing

These movements occur during the shot consistently during the crouch and preparing for the aim. The ball is in a stationary position at the level of the waist with shooting hands behind ball. The shooting arm shoulder is closer to 0 degree with upper arm held along with the trunk. In this shot, knees are closer to 90 degrees and the trunk has a flex close to 50 degrees when viewed from vertical sides (Hayes, 2009). The flexion of the trunk at this point is essential as it can be used for putting a load on the knee by making the flexion of knee and the hip to increase prior to the shot extension. However, as in Figure 2 below, players have to correct the amount of flexion leaning of the trunk and the knee before the shot. Ball has to be held closer to the trunk as in the figure displayed by the female shot producing too much flexion of shoulder and extension of the elbow at that point of the shot.
(Figure 2: Backswing shot, refer to appendix 1 )
(Source: Hamilton, 2007)

Non producing hand on the ball

This is another key position that is to be addressed in the shot of free throw. The hand in this position has to be placed on the ball side and behind the center slightly so that there is an ability in the shooter to rotate the shoulder forward shooting by lining up the basket (Hayes, 2009).

Movements producing Force

Those movements of the body parts that produce a force in the upward and forward direction while projecting the ball in the basket and are inclusive of the leg and extension of the trunk along with keeping the shooting arm straightened. During the production of this force and the biomechanics of the movements involved, the ball is held ahead of the body with hand of right shooting directly being behind the ball and the left hand is to the side beneath the ball (Hay, 2010).
The movement is times in a way that the knees and the hips get first extended following by flexion of the shoulder and then extension of the elbow along with flexion of the wrist.
(Figure 3: Movements producing force)
(Source: Fukui et al, 2002)

Critical Instant

In shooting, critical instant is in the ball release instant because nothing is releases by the shooter that will affect the flight of the ball. The shoulder shooting has to be is a 140-150 degree flexion, positioned in a way which the shooting shoulder is pointing almost vertically to the ceiling.

(Figure 4 : Player extended the knees and the trunk while ball is still in the hand above the head. The angle of shoulder flexion is moving above the horizontal and in the meanwhile the elbow flexion has remained optimal. The shot is excellent because the flexed elbow remains, with the knees extended and the flexion of the shoulder has begun, Refer to Appendix 2 )
(Source: Hamill et al, 2009)

Difference between Excellent and Poor Shots

The difference can be studied only by explaining the common errors done in the shooting movement of free throw resulting into a poor shot as follows (Brancazio, 2009):
v  Alignment is poor: Most shooters fail lining up the shoulder, side hip, knee and elbow in a line which is hypothetically stated through the basket, the ball and the body. If the joints are out of alignment then the shot released is off line and misses the basket.
v  Backspin is lacking: Sidespin is often applied to the players for the release of the ball or else applying the spin at the time of release. The errors affect the ball flight and can cause to go off the route and not fall in the basket.
v  The arc on the shot is low: Players that are unable to have sufficient flexion of the shoulder, the extension of elbow or extension of the trunk through releasing the ball making the ball fall flat, the arc being high is requiring to ensure ball having maximum area of basket utilizing the entry (Booher, 2010)
v  The shooting arm is relaxed: the arm has to be relaxed completely with only the muscles of the active mover contracting and all others may lose and relax down.
v  Follow through after release is complete: In the form of full goose neck, the players have to complete the movement of the position of the shooting hand with the pointing arm to the ceiling and the point of the arm being pointed to the hoop alignment.
v  Non shooting hand is interfering
v  The force on the ball is to hard: when excitement is there in the player, he may make mistakes and release the short hard (Ball, 2011)
v  Lot of tension on the shooting arm: shooting arm should have a complete flexion of shoulder, extension of elbow and flexion of wrist while releasing the ball
(For further details, on the same please refer to Appendix 3 and 4 displaying graphs on performance between individuals with correct biomechanics applied in the shot and poor bio mechanics applied as well)

Conclusion

Biomechanics involved with any movement even the slightest body movements say getting up from a chair or moving a hand to complete a task have movements, force and other equivalent aspects acting on the body of the individual. From this perspective, the free throw shooting in the game of basketball has various shots, movements, forces and body efforts involved as discussed in the assignment above. 

References

Ball, R. (2011). The basketball jump shot: a kinesiological analysis with recommendations for
            strength and conditioning programs. National Strength and Conditioning Association
            Journal , 4-12.
Booher, D. (2010). Elementary free throw shooting- a systematic teaching approach. Journal of
                Physical Education , 14-16.
Brancazio, P. (2009). Physics of basketball. American Journal of Physics , 49 (4), 356-365.
Fukui, Y. K. (2002). Hip and knee moment during trunk flexion, extension, lateral flexion and
                rotation in standing. Proceedings of Annual Meeting of Japanese Society for Orthopaedic
            Biomechanics. Japan: Showa University.
Hamill, J. &. (2009). Biomechanical Basis of Human Movement (3 ed.). Philadelphis: Lippincott,
                Williams and Wilkins.
Hamilton, G. &. (2007). Optimal trajectory for the basketball free throw. Journal of Sport
                Sciences , 15 (5), 491-504.
Hartley, J. W. (2009). Mechanical analysis of the jump shot. Athletic Journal , 51 (7), 128-129.
Haskell, D. (2005). When shooting free throws, a player's body and mind must work as one if the
                shot is to be successful. Athlectic Journal , 30-31:54.
Hay, J. (2010). The Biomechanics of Sports Techniques. 4. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall Inc.
Hyes, D. (2008). Intra-individual variability in selected components of the basketball free throw.
Fifth Biennial Conference of the Canadian Society for Biomechanics. Ottawa: Univeristy of Ottawa.

Appendix: Max TRAQ Analysis


Appendix 1


The ball is in a stationary position at the level of the waist with shooting hands behind ball. The shooting arm shoulder is closer to 0 degree with upper arm held along with the trunk. In this shot, knees are closer to 90 degrees and the trunk has a flex close to 50 degrees when viewed from vertical sides. The flexion of the trunk at this point is essential as it can be used for putting a load on the knee by making the flexion of knee and the hip to increase prior to the shot extension. However, as in Figure 2 above, players have to correct the amount of flexion leaning of the trunk and the knee before the shot. Ball has to be held closer to the trunk as in the figure displayed by the female shot producing too much flexion of shoulder and extension of the elbow at that point of the shot.

Appendix 2


The figure depicts the correct use of Bio mechanics in order to make the free throw in the game of basketball with correct angles made by the knee, shoulder and hand reflex
Appendix 3



Backspin is lacking: Sidespin is often applied to the players for the release of the ball or else applying the spin at the time of release. The errors affect the ball flight and can cause to go off the route and not fall in the basket.
The arc on the shot is low: Players that are unable to have sufficient flexion of the shoulder, the extension of elbow or extension of the trunk through releasing the ball making the ball fall flat, the arc being high is requiring to ensure ball having maximum area of basket utilizing the entry. This has delivered into development of low loop in the graph
Appendix4


The shooting arm is relaxed: the arm has to be relaxed completely with only the muscles of the active mover contracting and all others may lose and relax down.
Follow through after release is complete: In the form of full goose neck, the players have to complete the movement of the position of the shooting hand with the pointing arm to the ceiling and the point of the arm being pointed to the hoop alignment.
The force on the ball is to hard: when excitement is there in the player, he may make mistakes and release the short hard
Lot of tension on the shooting arm: shooting arm should have a complete flexion of shoulder, extension of elbow and flexion of wrist while releasing the ball.


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