Friday, May 16, 2014

Photography Sample Assignment www.sampleassignment.com

Question 1.0-- Snell's window which is also better know as Snell's circle, is the basic principle that all photographers have to face while taking pictures from within the water to objects floating up above inside. The principle states that a circle like structure is formed due to refraction of light in air plus water, creating an illusion of a circle. Thus any person who takes a photograph of an object from underneath the surface of water has to make sure that all the objects he wants to cover should come within the Snell's circle in order to get a perfect picture. Its a law of physics that uses the law of refraction and reflection. The Snell's Law gives the basic equation as :

This law can be better understood by the following diagram. In this diagram we can understand that how the light bends as it moves from a less denser medium to a more denser medium. This diagram also helps us understand that in this process some light is also lost due to partial reflection. This Snell's window is a very artistic effect that is created due to refraction of light.
To begin, consider a swimming pool filled with water. Suppose that a laser beam is directed towards the flat side of the dish at the exact center of the dish. The angle of incidence can be measured at the point of incidence. This ray will refract, bending towards the normal. Once the light ray enters the water, it travels in a straight line until it reaches the second boundary. At the second boundary, the light ray is approaching along the normal to the curved surface. The
ray does not refract upon exiting since the angle of incidence is 0-degrees. The ray of laser light therefore exits at the same angle as the refracted ray of light made at the first boundary. These two angles can be measured and recorded. The angle of incidence of the laser beam can be changed to 5-degrees and new measurements can be made and recorded.


Question 1.2-- In the process of light transferring from less density medium to more denser medium some light is refracted and some reflected depending on the angle of incidence. Therefore there exists a formula to calculate the reflection of light occurring. It can be better understood from the bottom diagram.
Question 1.3--The Synthetic Image provides a valuable asset for precision imaging in science, engineering, and industrial applications, allowing you to create exact images. This tool is a critical asset for testing of algorithms and numeric analyses leading to improved modeling and evaluation of techniques.
For use in astronomy, biomedical methods such as FISH, and numerous other applications, the synthetic image can include a distribution of Gaussian point sources randomized in both location and luminance/intensity space. This leads to realistic emulation of model images that would be obtained using real instrumentation acquiring real data.
Question 2.0-- Zoom lens is a group of lenses whose focal length and angel of view can be adjusted to the required length. These sort of lenses are used in a variety of places and fields like motion pictures cameras, projectors, binoculars, microscopes, telescopes, telescopic sights and other such optical instruments. This sort of lens is also called a parfocal lens. Zoom lenses are often described by the ratio of their longest to shortest focal lengths. For example, a zoom lens with focal lengths ranging from 100 mm to 400 mm may be described as a 4:1 or "4×" zoom. The term superzoom or hyperzoom is used to describe photographic zoom lenses with very large focal length factors, typically more than 4× and ranging up to 15× in SLR camera lenses and 36×
in amateur digital cameras. This ratio can be as high as 100× in professional television cameras.
Question 3.0-- Stops are a measure of the aperture of a lens. In other words, f-stops tell us how wide open the iris of a lens is. Specifically, they express the ratio of focal length to apparent lens aperture, so they have no units. The smaller the number, the wider the effective aperture, and the more light will go through the lens. Hence f2.0 is a wide aperture, whereas f11.0 is a narrow aperture. The relationship between f-stop, focal length and the diameter of the lens opening is as follows:
f-stop = focal length / diameter of lens opening
Thus a 50mm lens with an iris diameter of 25mm has an aperture of 50 / 25 = f2.0
As noted above, the vale of the f-stop depends on the apparent diameter of the lens. The apparent aperture diameter depends on the magnification of the lens. For example, an aperture that is 50mm wide might look 100mm wide as a result of the lens elements in front of it; the apparent diameter of the iris diaphragm is what matters when calculating F-stops.
Question 3.1--
In mathematics, the codomain or target set of a function is the set Y into which all of the output of the function is constrained to fall. It is the set Y in the notation f: X → Y. The codomain is also sometimes referred to as the range but that term is ambiguous as it may also refer to the image.
Question 3.2--
An aperture stop is a restriction of the optical beam in a lens system. Lenses have aberrations which are related to the deviation of light rays from the optical axis. An aperture stop eliminates the light rays that deviate more greatly from the optical axis. Thus restricting the rays that enter the lens system will produce a more accurate, more sharply focused image. However when some of the light rays from the object are blocked out the brightness of the image is reduced. In photography this means that the camera shutter will have to be open longer to expose the film adequately. The time required to properly expose the film is inversely proportional to the intensity of the light reaching the film. The diagram below shows the relationships involved without an aperture stop and with the light rays from the object being parallel to the optical axis. This presumes the object is at infinity. An aperture stop is the opening which limits the amount of light which passes through an optical system. For example, the adjustable diaphragm near the front of a compound camera lens is the aperture stop for the lens. The amount of light admitted is controlled by the diameter of the diaphragm opening which is indicated on the camera by the "f-number" or "f-stop number". Making the aperture smaller reduces the light, but increases the depth of image.
Question 3.3--
The limiting effect on the imaging process by the size of the unobstructed clear diameter in an optical system depends upon the location of that "stop", or limiting diameter. The limiting diameter which determines the amount of light which reaches the imaging area is called the field stop, typified by the adjustable diaphragm near the front of a compound camera lens. The limiting diameter which controls the size object which can be imaged is called the field stop. Increasing the f-stop by one stop has the disadvantage of requiring you to slow down the shutter speed to one-half, but has the advantage of increasing the depth of field of the formed image. By "depth of field" we practically mean the depth of the image where it appears to be sharply focused. While "sharpness of focus" is a relative term, there is a practical depth over which the image appears to be in focus. That depth of field increases with f-number. At f/2.8 you can shoot at a faster shutter speed, but with very shallow depth of field. There are times when you would deliberately choose this condition, for example to shoot a picture of a rose where the leaves behind it soften progressively in focus.
Question 4.0--
The thin lens equation cannot be used directly to find images formed by thick lenses. Even when Gullstrand's equation is used to find the equivalent equation of the thick lens, that power is with
respect to a principle plane. The thickness of the lens alters the image position and the center of the thick lens cannot in general be used as the lens position. Three methods are presented for finding the image formed by a thick lens.




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