Question 1.0-- Snell's
window which is also better know as Snell's circle, is the basic principle that
all photographers have to face while taking pictures from within the water to
objects floating up above inside. The principle states that a circle like structure
is formed due to refraction of light in air plus water, creating an illusion of
a circle. Thus any person who takes a photograph of an object from underneath
the surface of water has to make sure that all the objects he wants to cover
should come within the Snell's circle in order to get a perfect picture. Its a
law of physics that uses the law of refraction and reflection. The Snell's Law
gives the basic equation as :
This law can be better understood by the following diagram. In
this diagram we can understand that how the light bends as it moves from a less
denser medium to a more denser medium. This diagram also helps us understand
that in this process some light is also lost due to partial reflection. This Snell's window is a very artistic
effect that is created due to refraction of light.
To
begin, consider a swimming pool filled with water. Suppose that a laser beam is
directed towards the flat side of the dish at the exact center of the dish. The
angle of incidence can be measured at the point of incidence. This ray will
refract, bending towards the normal. Once the light ray enters the water, it travels
in a straight line until it reaches the second boundary. At the second
boundary, the light ray is approaching along the normal to the curved surface.
The
ray
does not refract upon exiting since the angle of incidence is 0-degrees. The
ray of laser light therefore exits at the same angle as the refracted ray of
light made at the first boundary. These two angles can be measured and
recorded. The angle of incidence of the laser beam can be changed to 5-degrees
and new measurements can be made and recorded.
Question
1.2-- In the process of light transferring
from less density medium to more denser medium some light is refracted and some
reflected depending on the angle of incidence. Therefore there exists a formula
to calculate the reflection of light occurring. It can be better understood
from the bottom diagram.
Question 1.3--The Synthetic Image provides a valuable asset for
precision imaging in science, engineering, and industrial applications,
allowing you to create exact images. This tool is a critical asset for testing
of algorithms and numeric analyses leading to improved modeling and evaluation
of techniques.
For use in astronomy, biomedical methods such as FISH, and numerous
other applications, the synthetic image can include a distribution of Gaussian
point sources randomized in both location and luminance/intensity space. This
leads to realistic emulation of model images that would be obtained using real instrumentation
acquiring real data.
Question
2.0-- Zoom lens is a group of lenses whose
focal length and angel of view can be adjusted to the required length. These
sort of lenses are used in a variety of places and fields like motion pictures
cameras, projectors, binoculars, microscopes, telescopes, telescopic sights and
other such optical instruments. This sort of lens is also called a parfocal
lens. Zoom lenses are often described by the ratio of their longest to shortest
focal lengths. For example, a zoom lens with focal lengths ranging from 100 mm
to 400 mm may be described as a 4:1 or "4×" zoom. The term superzoom
or hyperzoom is used to describe photographic zoom lenses with very large focal
length factors, typically more than 4× and ranging up to 15× in SLR camera
lenses and 36×
in
amateur digital cameras. This ratio can be as high as 100× in professional
television cameras.
Question 3.0-- Stops
are a measure of the
aperture of a lens. In other words, f-stops tell us how wide open the iris of a
lens is. Specifically, they express the ratio of focal length to apparent lens aperture, so they
have no units. The smaller the number, the wider the effective aperture, and
the more light will go through the lens. Hence f2.0 is a wide aperture, whereas
f11.0 is a narrow aperture. The relationship between f-stop, focal length and
the diameter of the lens opening is as follows:
f-stop = focal length / diameter of lens opening
Thus a 50mm lens with an iris diameter of 25mm has an aperture
of 50 / 25 = f2.0
As noted above, the vale of the f-stop depends on the apparent
diameter of the lens. The apparent aperture diameter depends on the
magnification of the lens. For example, an aperture that is 50mm wide might
look 100mm wide as a result of the lens elements in front of it; the apparent
diameter of the iris diaphragm is what matters when calculating F-stops.
Question 3.1--
In mathematics, the codomain or target set of a function is the
set Y into which all of the output of the function is constrained to fall. It
is the set Y in the notation f: X → Y. The codomain is also sometimes referred
to as the range but that term is ambiguous as it may also refer to the image.
Question 3.2--
An aperture stop is a restriction of the optical beam in a lens
system. Lenses have aberrations which are related to the deviation of light
rays from the optical axis. An aperture stop eliminates the light rays that
deviate more greatly from the optical axis. Thus restricting the rays that
enter the lens system will produce a more accurate, more sharply focused image.
However when some of the light rays from the object are blocked out the brightness
of the image is reduced. In photography this means that the camera shutter will
have to be open longer to expose the film adequately. The time required to
properly expose the film is inversely proportional to the intensity of the
light reaching the film. The diagram below shows the relationships involved
without an aperture stop and with the light rays from the object being parallel
to the optical axis. This presumes the object is at infinity. An aperture stop
is the opening which limits the amount of light which passes through an optical
system. For example, the adjustable diaphragm near the front of a compound
camera lens is the aperture stop for the lens. The amount of light admitted is
controlled by the diameter of the diaphragm opening which is indicated on the
camera by the "f-number" or "f-stop number". Making the
aperture smaller reduces the light, but increases the depth of image.
Question 3.3--
The limiting effect on the imaging process by the size of the
unobstructed clear diameter in an optical system depends upon the location of
that "stop", or limiting diameter. The limiting diameter which determines
the amount of light which reaches the imaging area is called the field stop,
typified by the adjustable diaphragm near the front of a compound camera lens.
The limiting diameter which controls the size object which can be imaged is
called the field stop. Increasing the f-stop by one stop has the disadvantage
of requiring you to slow down the shutter speed to one-half, but has the advantage
of increasing the depth of field of the formed image. By "depth of
field" we practically mean the depth of the image where it appears to be
sharply focused. While "sharpness of focus" is a relative term, there
is a practical depth over which the image appears to be in focus. That depth of
field increases with f-number. At f/2.8 you can shoot at a faster shutter
speed, but with very shallow depth of field. There are times when you would deliberately
choose this condition, for example to shoot a picture of a rose where the
leaves behind it soften progressively in focus.
Question
4.0--
The
thin lens equation cannot be used directly to find images formed by thick
lenses. Even when Gullstrand's equation is used to find the equivalent equation
of the thick lens, that power is with
respect
to a principle plane. The thickness of the lens alters the image position and
the center of the thick lens cannot in general be used as the lens position. Three
methods are presented for finding the image formed by a thick lens.
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