Introduction
The shot of free throw is the single most important
shot of the game of Basketball is. More than 20 per cent of most scores in
tournaments of basketball are scored from this shot. The essentiality of the
shot lies in the great percentage of points that it provides to the team
especially during the last 5 minutes than the initial 35 minutes of the game
and is beneficial not only for the winning team but also for the losing team.
The free throw is one of the most easies shots in the entire game consisting of
no defense and no distractions closely. All that is required by the player to
do is to get ready, aim at the basket and shoot. The aim of this assignment is
to understand the biomechanics involved in the movement of free throw in the
game of basketball. From this perspective, it becomes essential to explain the
different types of movements involved while performing this task describing the
task in not a very complex but detailed manner (Ball, 2007).
Along with the same, what is comprised in the
assignment is the joint motion involved, the involvement of muscle groups, the
action within each phase, timing, coordination of muscles and the motions
created subsequently by them, forces applied for external objects and
distinguishes the successful performances from the ones that are poor. While
discussing the same, the assignment discusses things such as displacement,
velocity, acceleration, force, impulse, momentum.
Biomechanics involved in free throw shoot
The biomechanics involved in the free throw shoot
consists of preliminary movements that are very different or slightly consist
of differences especially when each individual is concerned or each player in
the game is seen. These movements that are the preliminary movements are the
ones used by players to kind of rehearse their shot in their mind while at the
same time attempting to relax their muscles from the grown tensions and the
tightness. While performing the movement, players focus on the movement taking
place in the biomechanics of the shot such as the following:
Movement of Preparation
Players
getting prepared for free flow shot, first dribble while remaining at the line
position and then sighting the target carefully. A staggered stance is used by
the player with slightly shooting the foot ahead of other one with shoulder
feet apart.
(Figure
1: Preparatory movement)
(Source:
Haskell, 2005)
Backswing
These movements occur during the shot consistently
during the crouch and preparing for the aim. The ball is in a stationary
position at the level of the waist with shooting hands behind ball. The
shooting arm shoulder is closer to 0 degree with upper arm held along with the
trunk. In this shot, knees are closer to 90 degrees and the trunk has a flex
close to 50 degrees when viewed from vertical sides (Hayes, 2009). The flexion
of the trunk at this point is essential as it can be used for putting a load on
the knee by making the flexion of knee and the hip to increase prior to the
shot extension. However, as in Figure 2 below, players have to correct the
amount of flexion leaning of the trunk and the knee before the shot. Ball has
to be held closer to the trunk as in the figure displayed by the female shot
producing too much flexion of shoulder and extension of the elbow at that point
of the shot.
(Figure
2: Backswing shot, refer to appendix 1 )
(Source:
Hamilton, 2007)
Non producing hand on the ball
This is another key position that is to be addressed
in the shot of free throw. The hand in this position has to be placed on the
ball side and behind the center slightly so that there is an ability in the
shooter to rotate the shoulder forward shooting by lining up the basket (Hayes,
2009).
Movements producing Force
Those movements of the body parts that produce a
force in the upward and forward direction while projecting the ball in the
basket and are inclusive of the leg and extension of the trunk along with
keeping the shooting arm straightened. During the production of this force and
the biomechanics of the movements involved, the ball is held ahead of the body
with hand of right shooting directly being behind the ball and the left hand is
to the side beneath the ball (Hay, 2010).
The movement is times in a way that the knees
and the hips get first extended following by flexion of the shoulder and then
extension of the elbow along with flexion of the wrist.
(Figure
3: Movements producing force)
(Source:
Fukui et al, 2002)
Critical Instant
In shooting, critical instant is in the ball release
instant because nothing is releases by the shooter that will affect the flight
of the ball. The shoulder shooting has to be is a 140-150 degree flexion,
positioned in a way which the shooting shoulder is pointing almost vertically
to the ceiling.
(Figure
4 : Player extended the knees and the trunk while ball is still in the hand
above the head. The angle of shoulder flexion is moving above the horizontal
and in the meanwhile the elbow flexion has remained optimal. The shot is
excellent because the flexed elbow remains, with the knees extended and the
flexion of the shoulder has begun, Refer to Appendix 2 )
(Source:
Hamill et al, 2009)
Difference between Excellent and Poor Shots
The difference can be studied only by explaining the
common errors done in the shooting movement of free throw resulting into a poor
shot as follows (Brancazio, 2009):
v Alignment
is poor: Most shooters fail lining up the shoulder, side hip, knee and elbow in
a line which is hypothetically stated through the basket, the ball and the
body. If the joints are out of alignment then the shot released is off line and
misses the basket.
v Backspin
is lacking: Sidespin is often applied to the players for the release of the
ball or else applying the spin at the time of release. The errors affect the
ball flight and can cause to go off the route and not fall in the basket.
v The
arc on the shot is low: Players that are unable to have sufficient flexion of
the shoulder, the extension of elbow or extension of the trunk through
releasing the ball making the ball fall flat, the arc being high is requiring
to ensure ball having maximum area of basket utilizing the entry (Booher, 2010)
v The
shooting arm is relaxed: the arm has to be relaxed completely with only the
muscles of the active mover contracting and all others may lose and relax down.
v Follow
through after release is complete: In the form of full goose neck, the players
have to complete the movement of the position of the shooting hand with the
pointing arm to the ceiling and the point of the arm being pointed to the hoop
alignment.
v Non
shooting hand is interfering
v The
force on the ball is to hard: when excitement is there in the player, he may
make mistakes and release the short hard (Ball, 2011)
v Lot
of tension on the shooting arm: shooting arm should have a complete flexion of
shoulder, extension of elbow and flexion of wrist while releasing the ball
(For further details, on the same please refer to
Appendix 3 and 4 displaying graphs on performance between individuals with
correct biomechanics applied in the shot and poor bio mechanics applied as
well)
Conclusion
Biomechanics involved with any movement even the
slightest body movements say getting up from a chair or moving a hand to
complete a task have movements, force and other equivalent aspects acting on
the body of the individual. From this perspective, the free throw shooting in
the game of basketball has various shots, movements, forces and body efforts
involved as discussed in the assignment above.
References
Ball, R. (2011). The
basketball jump shot: a kinesiological analysis with recommendations for
strength and conditioning programs. National Strength
and Conditioning Association
Journal , 4-12.
Booher, D. (2010).
Elementary free throw shooting- a systematic teaching approach. Journal of
Physical Education , 14-16.
Brancazio, P. (2009).
Physics of basketball. American Journal of Physics , 49 (4),
356-365.
Fukui, Y. K.
(2002). Hip and knee moment during trunk flexion, extension, lateral flexion
and
rotation in standing. Proceedings of Annual Meeting of
Japanese Society for Orthopaedic
Biomechanics. Japan: Showa University.
Hamill, J. &.
(2009). Biomechanical Basis of Human Movement (3 ed.). Philadelphis:
Lippincott,
Williams and Wilkins.
Hamilton, G.
&. (2007). Optimal trajectory for the basketball free throw. Journal of
Sport
Sciences ,
15 (5), 491-504.
Hartley, J. W.
(2009). Mechanical analysis of the jump shot. Athletic Journal , 51
(7), 128-129.
Haskell, D.
(2005). When shooting free throws, a player's body and mind must work as one if
the
shot is to be successful. Athlectic Journal ,
30-31:54.
Hay, J. (2010).
The Biomechanics of Sports Techniques. 4. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice
Hall Inc.
Hyes, D. (2008).
Intra-individual variability in selected components of the basketball free
throw.
Fifth Biennial Conference of the Canadian Society for
Biomechanics. Ottawa:
Univeristy of Ottawa.
Appendix: Max TRAQ Analysis
Appendix
1
The
ball is in a stationary position at the level of the waist with shooting hands
behind ball. The shooting arm shoulder is closer to 0 degree with upper arm
held along with the trunk. In this shot, knees are closer to 90 degrees and the
trunk has a flex close to 50 degrees when viewed from vertical sides. The
flexion of the trunk at this point is essential as it can be used for putting a
load on the knee by making the flexion of knee and the hip to increase prior to
the shot extension. However, as in Figure 2 above, players have to correct the
amount of flexion leaning of the trunk and the knee before the shot. Ball has
to be held closer to the trunk as in the figure displayed by the female shot
producing too much flexion of shoulder and extension of the elbow at that point
of the shot.
Appendix 2
The
figure depicts the correct use of Bio mechanics in order to make the free throw
in the game of basketball with correct angles made by the knee, shoulder and
hand reflex
Appendix 3
Backspin
is lacking: Sidespin is often applied to the players for the release of the
ball or else applying the spin at the time of release. The errors affect the
ball flight and can cause to go off the route and not fall in the basket.
The
arc on the shot is low: Players that are unable to have sufficient flexion of
the shoulder, the extension of elbow or extension of the trunk through
releasing the ball making the ball fall flat, the arc being high is requiring
to ensure ball having maximum area of basket utilizing the entry. This has
delivered into development of low loop in the graph
Appendix4
The
shooting arm is relaxed: the arm has to be relaxed completely with only the
muscles of the active mover contracting and all others may lose and relax down.
Follow
through after release is complete: In the form of full goose neck, the players
have to complete the movement of the position of the shooting hand with the
pointing arm to the ceiling and the point of the arm being pointed to the hoop
alignment.
The
force on the ball is to hard: when excitement is there in the player, he may
make mistakes and release the short hard
Lot
of tension on the shooting arm: shooting arm should have a complete flexion of
shoulder, extension of elbow and flexion of wrist while releasing the ball.
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